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The Humboldtian model of higher education (German: ''Humboldtisches Bildungsideal'', literally: Humboldtian education ideal) is a concept of academic education that emerged in the early 19th century and whose core idea is a holistic combination of research and studies. Sometimes called simply the Humboldtian Model, it integrates the arts and sciences with research to achieve both comprehensive general learning and cultural knowledge, and it is still followed today. The concept of holistic academic education (compare Bildung) was an idea of Wilhelm von Humboldt, a Prussian philosopher, government functionary and diplomat. As a privy councillor in the Interior Ministry, he reformed the Prussian school and university system according to humanist principles. He founded the University of Berlin (now the Humboldt University of Berlin) and appointed distinguished scholars to teach and research there.〔 Several scholars have called him the most influential education official in German history. Humboldt sought to create an educational system based on unbiased knowledge and analysis, combining research and teaching and allowing students to choose their own course of study. The University of Berlin was later named after him and his brother, naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. == Background == Humboldt's model was based on two ideas of the Enlightenment: the individual and the world citizen. Humboldt believed that the university (and education in general, as in the Prussian education system) should enable students to become autonomous individuals and world citizens by developing their own reasoning powers in an environment of academic freedom. Humboldt envisaged an ideal of ''Bildung'', education in a broad sense, which aimed not merely to provide professional skills through schooling along a fixed path but rather to allow students to build individual character by choosing their own way.〔See: R. D. Anderson, ''Germany and the Humboldtian Model'' 2004〕 Humboldt had studied the Greek classics since his youth. He is a prominent example of Eliza Marian Butler's thesis about the important role of Ancient Greek literature and art in 19th-century German thinking.〔 Humboldt believed that study of the Hellenic past would help the German national consciousness, reconciling it with modernity but distinguishing it from French culture, which he saw as rooted in the Roman tradition. The vehicle for this task was to be the university.〔Held, Dirk t.D., PhD, Connecticut College, USA, "Hellenism, Nationalism, and the Ideology of Research in Humboldt's University", in ''Transformation and Continuity in the History of Universities'', International Commission for the History of Universities (CIHU) Oslo, 10-11 Aug. 2000〕 The cultural-historical background of the Humboldtian model answered the demands of the Bildungsbürgertum for enhanced general knowledge (''Allgemeinbildung''). The Bildungsbürgertum led the Prussian reforms of the early 19th century and managed to generate a knowledge society ''ante litteram''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=wilhelm-von-humboldts-idee-der-universitaet )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Humboldtian education ideal )〕〔(of study for students (Lernfreiheit, contrasted with the prescriptive curricula of the French system) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Humboldtian education ideal )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Humboldtian ideal )〕 Humboldt believed that teaching should be guided by current research, and that research should be unbiased and independent from ideological, economic, political or religious influences. The Humboldtian model strives for unconditional academic freedom in the intellectual investigation of the world, both for teachers and for students. Study should be guided by humanistic ideals and free thought, and knowledge should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism rather than authority, tradition, or dogma.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=freethinker )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=free+thought )〕 In line with the basic concept of Wissenschaft, Humboldt regarded philosophy as the link between the different academic disciplines, which include both humanities and natural sciences.〔Bildung in Zeiten von Bologna?: Hochschulbildung aus der Sicht Studierender, Jennifer Ch. Müller Springer-Verlag, 28.06.2011, p. 41〕 Humboldt encouraged the University of Berlin to operate according to scientific, as opposed to market-driven, principles such as curiosity, freedom of research, and internal objectives. Nevertheless, Humboldt was a political conservative (in Prussian terms) and saw the state as the major player in educational matters. In 1920 George Peabody Gooch said that Humboldt's idea of the state could only be realized in a "community of Humboldts".〔George Peabody Gooch 1920, ''Germany and the French Revolution'', pp. 107ff, quoted in "Wilhelm von Humboldts Rechtsphilosophie", Jens Petersen, Walter de Gruyter, 2007,〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Humboldtian model of higher education」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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